681 – Pope Honorius I is posthumously excommunicated by the Sixth Ecumenical Council.
1400 – Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers.1620 – Pilgrims set sail for Virginia from Plymouth, England in the Mayflower.[1]
1701 – James Francis Edward Stuart, sometimes called the "Old Pretender", becomes the Jacobite claimant to the thrones of England and Scotland.
1732 – In Campo Maior, Portugal, a storm hits the Armory and a violent explosion ensues, killing two-thirds of its inhabitants.
1776 – American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Harlem Heights is fought.
1779 – American Revolutionary War: The Franco-American Siege of Savannah begins.
1810 – With the Grito de Dolores, Father Miguel Hidalgo begins Mexico's fight for independence from Spain.
1822 – French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, in a "note" read to the Academy of Sciences, reports a direct refraction experiment verifying David Brewster's hypothesis that photoelasticity (as it is now known) is stress-induced birefringence.[2]
1863 – Robert College, in Istanbul, the first American educational institution outside the United States, is founded by Christopher Robert, an American philanthropist.
1880 – The Cornell Daily Sun prints its first issue in Ithaca, New York.
1893 – Settlers make a land run for prime land in the Cherokee Strip in Oklahoma.1908 – The General Motors Corporation is founded.
1914 – World War I: The Siege of Przemyśl (present-day Poland) begins.
1920 – The Wall Street bombing: A bomb in a horse wagon explodes in front of the J. P. Morgan building in New York City killing 38 and injuring 400.
1940 – World War II: Italian troops conquer Sidi Barrani.
1943 – World War II: The German Tenth Army reports that it can no longer contain the Allied bridgehead around Salerno.
1945 – World War II: The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong comes to an end.
1953 – American Airlines Flight 723 crashes in Colonie, New York, killing 28 people.[3]
1955 – The military coup to unseat President Juan Perón of Argentina is launched at midnight.
1955   – A Soviet Zulu-class submarine becomes the first to launch a ballistic missile.
1956 – TCN-9 Sydney is the first Australian television station to commence regular broadcasts.
1959 – The first successful photocopier, the Xerox 914, is introduced in a demonstration on live television from New York City.
1961 – The United States National Hurricane Research Project drops eight cylinders of silver iodide into the eyewall of Hurricane Esther. Wind speed reduces by 10%, giving rise to Project Stormfury.
1961   – Typhoon Nancy, with possibly the strongest winds ever measured in a tropical cyclone, makes landfall in Osaka, Japan, killing 173 people.
1961   – Pakistan establishes its Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission with Abdus Salam as its head.
1963 – Malaysia is formed from the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo (Sabah) and Sarawak. However, Singapore is soon expelled from this new country.
1966 – The Metropolitan Opera House opens at Lincoln Center in New York City with the world premiere of Samuel Barber's opera Antony and Cleopatra.
1970 – King Hussein of Jordan declares war against the Palestine Liberation Organization, the conflict came to be known as Black September.
1975 – Papua New Guinea gains independence from Australia.
1975   – Cape Verde, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe join the United Nations.
1975   – The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-31 interceptor makes its maiden flight.
1976 – Armenian champion swimmer Shavarsh Karapetyan saves 20 people from a trolleybus that had fallen into a Yerevan reservoir.
1978 – The 7.4 Mw  Tabas earthquake affects the city of Tabas, Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 15,000 people are killed.
1979 – Eight people escape from East Germany to the west in a homemade hot air balloon.
1982 – Lebanon War: The Sabra and Shatila massacre in Lebanon takes place.
1987 – The Montreal Protocol is signed to protect the ozone layer from depletion.
1990 – The railroad between the People's Republic of China and Kazakhstan is completed at Dostyk, adding a sizable link to the concept of the Eurasian Land Bridge.
1992 – The trial of the deposed Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega ends in the United States with a 40-year sentence for drug trafficking and money laundering.
1992   – Black Wednesday: The British pound is forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism by currency speculators and is forced to devalue against the German mark.
1994 – The British government lifts the broadcasting ban imposed against members of Sinn Féin and Irish paramilitary groups in 1988.
1996 – Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on STS-79 to dock to the Russian space station Mir.[4]
2004 – Hurricane Ivan makes landfall in Gulf Shores, Alabama as a Category 3 hurricane.
2005 – The Camorra organized crime boss Paolo Di Lauro is arrested in Naples, Italy.
2007 – One-Two-Go Airlines Flight 269 carrying 130 crew and passengers crashes in Thailand, killing 90 people.
2007   – Security guards working for Blackwater Worldwide shoot and kill 17 Iraqis in Nisour Square, Baghdad.
2013 – A gunman kills twelve people at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C.[5]
2014 – The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant launches its Kobani offensive against Syrian–Kurdish forces.
2015 – A 8.3 Mw  earthquake strikes the Chilean city of Illapel, killing 15 people, injuring at least 34, leaving at least six missing, and causing extensive damage. One person also dies in Argentina.[6]
2019 – Five months before the COVID-19 stock market crash, an overnight spike in lending rates in the United States prompts the Federal Reserve to conduct operations in the repo market.
2021 – A 6.0 Mw  earthquake strikes Lu County, Sichuan, China, killing three and injuring more than 88.[7]
2022 – During the Let Yet Kone massacre, the Burmese military kills 13 villagers, including eight children, after attacking a school in Sagaing Region, Myanmar.[8]
2022   – The death of Mahsa Amini occurred, which sparked worldwide protests.[9]AD 16 – Julia Drusilla, Roman daughter of Germanicus (d. 38)
508 – Yuan Di, emperor of the Liang dynasty (d. 555)
1295 – Elizabeth de Clare, English noblewoman (d. 1360)[10]
1386 – Henry V of England (d. 1422)[11]
1462 – Pietro Pomponazzi, Italian philosopher (d. 1525)[12]
1507 – Jiajing Emperor of China (d. 1567)
1541 – Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, English nobleman (d. 1576)
1557 – Jacques Mauduit, French composer (d. 1627)1615 – Heinrich Bach, German organist and composer (d. 1692)
1625 – Gregorio Barbarigo, Roman Catholic saint (d. 1697)
1651 – Engelbert Kaempfer, German physician and botanist (d. 1716)
1666 – Antoine Parent, French mathematician and theorist (d. 1716)
1678 – Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, English philosopher and politician, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (d. 1751)
1716 – Angelo Maria Amorevoli, Italian tenor and actor (d. 1798)
1722 – Gabriel Christie, Scottish-Canadian general (d. 1799)
1725 – Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist, zoologist, and author (d. 1815)
1745 – Mikhail Kutuzov, Russian field marshal (d. 1813)[13]
1777 – Nathan Mayer Rothschild, German-English banker and financier (d. 1836)
1782 – Daoguang Emperor of China (d. 1850)
1812 – Anna Louisa Geertruida Bosboom-Toussaint, Dutch novelist (d. 1886)[14]
1822 – Charles Crocker, American businessman (d. 1888)[15]
1823 – Francis Parkman, American historian and author (d. 1893)
1823   – Ludwik Teichmann, Polish anatomist (d. 1895)[16]
1827 – Jean Albert Gaudry, French geologist and paleontologist (d. 1908)
1828 – Per Pålsson, Swedish murderer (d. 1914)
1830 – Patrick Francis Moran, Irish-Australian cardinal (d. 1911)
1837 – Pedro V of Portugal (d. 1861)
1838 – James J. Hill, Canadian-American railroad executive (d. 1916)
1844 – Paul Taffanel, French flute player and conductor (d. 1908)
1846 – Anna Kingsford, English author, poet, and activist (d. 1888)
1853 – Albrecht Kossel, German physician and biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1927)
1858 – Edward Marshall Hall, English lawyer and politician (d. 1927)
1858   – Bonar Law, Canadian-Scottish banker and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1923)
1859 – Yuan Shikai, Chinese general and politician, President of the Republic of China (d. 1916)
1861 – Miriam Benjamin, African-American educator and inventor (d. 1947)
1866 – Georg Voigt, German lawyer and politician, Mayor of Marburg (d. 1927)
1870 – John Pius Boland, Irish tennis player and politician (d. 1958)
1875 – James Cash Penney, American businessman and philanthropist, founded J. C. Penney (d. 1971)
1876 – Marvin Hart, American boxer (d. 1931)
1877 – Jacob Schick, American-Canadian inventor and businessman, founded Schick Razors (d. 1937)
1878 – Karl Albiker, German sculptor, lithographer, and educator (d. 1961)
1880 – Clara Ayres, American nurse (d. 1917)
1880   – Alfred Noyes, English author, poet, and playwright (d. 1958)
1881 – Clive Bel